Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia.
| Don Quixote | |
|---|---|
Title page of first edition (1605)
|
|
| Author(s) | Miguel de Cervantes |
| Original title | El ingenioso hidalgo donQuixote De la Mancha |
| Country | Castile |
| Language | Old Spanish (Old Castilian) |
| Genre(s) | Picaresco, satire, parody, farce |
| Publisher | Juan de la Cuesta |
| Publicationdate | 1605 (Part One) 1615 (Part Two) |
| Published inEnglish | 1612 (Part One) 1620 (Part Two) |
| Media type | |
| Dewey Decimal | 863 |
| LC Classification | PQ6323 |
Don Quixote (/ˌdɒn kiːˈhoʊtiː/; Spanish: [ˈdoŋ kiˈxote] ( )), fully titled TheIngenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha (Spanish: Elingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha), is a Spanish novel byMiguel de Cervantes Saavedra. It follows the adventures of AlonsoQuijano, a hidalgo who reads so many chivalric novels that he decides toset out to revive chivalry, under the name Don Quixote. He recruits asimple farmer, Sancho Panza, as his squire, who often employs a unique,earthly wit in dealing with Don Quixote’s rhetorical orations on antiquatedknighthood. Don Quixote is met by the world as it is, initiating suchthemes as intertextuality, realism, metatheatre, and literary representation.Published in two volumes, in 1605 and 1615, respectively, Don Quixote isconsidered the most influential work of literature from the Spanish Golden Age and the entire Spanish literary canon. As a founding work ofmodern Western literature, and one of the earliest canonical novels, itregularly appears high on lists of the greatest works of fiction everpublished. In a 2002 list, Don Quixote was cited as the “best literary workever written”.[1]
Plot
Part 1
The First Sally
Alonso Quijano, the protagonist of the novel, is a retired countrygentleman nearing fifty years of age, living in an unnamed section of La Mancha with his niece and housekeeper. While mostly a rational man ofsound reason, his reading of books of chivalry in excess has had aprofound effect on him, leading to the distortion of his perception and thewavering of his mental faculties. In essence, he believes every word ofthese books of chivalry to be true though, for the most part, the content ofthese books is clearly fiction. Otherwise, his wits are intact. He decides togo out as a knight-errant in search of adventure. He dons an old suit ofarmour, renames himself “Don Quixote de la Mancha,” and names hisskinny horse “Rocinante“. He designates Aldonza Lorenzo, a neighboringfarm girl as his lady love, renaming her Dulcinea del Toboso, while sheknows nothing about this.He sets out in the early morning and ends up at an inn, which he believesto be a castle. He asks the innkeeper, whom he thinks to be the lord of thecastle, to dub him a knight. He spends the night holding vigil over hisarmor, where he becomes involved in a fight with muleteers who try toremove his armor from the horse trough so that they can water theirmules. The innkeeper then dubs him a knight to be rid of him, and sendshim on his way. Don Quixote next “frees” a young boy who is tied to a treeand beaten by his master by making his master swear on the chivalriccode to treat the boy fairly. The boy’s beating is continued as soon as Quixote leaves. Don Quixote has a run-in with traders from Toledo, who“insult” the imaginary Dulcinea, one of whom severely beats Don Quixoteand leaves him on the side of the road. Don Quixote is found and returnedto his home by a neighboring peasant.
The Second Sally
While Don Quixote is unconscious in his bed, his niece, the housekeeper, the parish curate, and the local barber secretly burnmost of the books of chivalry, and seal up his library pretending that a magician has carried it off. After a short period offeigning health, Don Quixote approaches his neighbor, Sancho Panza, and asks him to be his squire, promising himgovernorship of an island. The uneducated Sancho agrees, and the pair sneak off in the early dawn. It is here that their seriesof famous adventures begin, starting with Don Quixote’s attack on windmills that he believes to be ferocious giants. Thetwo next encounter a group of friars accompanying a lady in a carriage. They are heavily cloaked, as is the lady, to protectthemselves from the hot climate and dust on the road. Don Quixote takes the friars to be enchanters who hold the ladycaptive. He knocks a friar from his horse, and is immediately challenged by an armed Basque traveling with the company. Ashe has no shield, the Basque uses a pillow to protect himself, which saves him when Don Quixote strikes him. The combatends with the lady leaving her carriage and commanding those traveling with her to “surrender” to Don Quixote.
THE PASTORAL WANDERINGS
Sancho and Don Quixote go on, and fall in with a group of goatherds. Don Quixote tells Sancho and the goatherds about the“Golden Age” of man, reminiscent of both Ovid and the later Rousseau in which property does not exist, and men live inpeace. The goatherds invite the Knight and Sancho to the funeral of Grisóstomo, once a student who left his studies tobecome a shepherd after reading Pastoral novels, seeking the shepherdess Marcela. At the funeral Marcela appears,delivering a long speech vindicating herself from the bitter verses written about her by Grisóstomo, claiming her ownautonomy and freedom from expectations put on her by Pastoral clichés. She disappears into the woods, and Don Quixoteand Sancho follow. Ultimately giving up, the two stop and dismount by a pond to rest. Some Galicians arrive to water theirponies, and Rocinante (Don Quixote’s horse) attempts to mate with the ponies. The Galicians hit Rocinante with clubs todissuade him, which Don Quixote takes as a threat and runs to defend Rocinante. The Galicians beat Don Quixote andSancho leaving them in great pain.
THE ADVENTURES WITH CARDENIO AND DOROTEA
After Don Quixote frees a group of galley slaves, The Knight and Sancho wander into the Sierra Morena, and there encounterthe dejected Cardenio. Cardenio relates the first part of his story, in which he falls deeply in love with his childhood friendLuscinda, and is hired as the companion to the Duke’s son, leading to his friendship with the Duke’s younger son, DonFernando. Cardenio confides in Don Fernando his love for Luscinda and the delays in their engagement, caused byCardenio’s desire to keep with tradition. After reading Cardenio’s poems praising Luscinda, Don Fernando falls in love withher. Don Quixote interrupts when Cardenio suggests that his beloved may have become unfaithful after the formulaic stories ofspurned lovers in Chivalric novels.
In the course of their travels, the protagonists meet innkeepers, prostitutes,goatherds, soldiers, priests, escaped convicts, and scorned lovers. Theseencounters are magnified by Don Quixote’s imagination into chivalrous quests.Don Quixote’s tendency to intervene violently in matters which do not concern him,and his habit of not paying his debts, result in many privations, injuries, andhumiliations (with Sancho often getting the worst of it). Finally, Don Quixote ispersuaded to return to his home village. The author hints that there was a thirdquest, but says that records of it have been lost.
Part 2
The Third Sally
Although the two parts are now published as a single work, Don Quixote, Part Twowas a sequel published ten years after the original novel. While Part One wasmostly farcical, the second half is more serious and philosophical about the themeof deception.As Part Two begins, it is assumed that the literate classes of Spain have all readthe first part of the history of Don Quixote and his squire. Cervantes’s meta-fictional device was to make even the characters in the story familiar with thepublication of Part One, as well as with an actually published fraudulent Part Two.When strangers encounter the duo in person, they already know their famoushistory. A Duke and Duchess, and others, deceive Don Quixote for entertainment,setting forth a string of imagined adventures resulting in a series of practical jokes.Some of them are quite sadistic, and they put Don Quixote’s sense of chivalry andhis devotion to Dulcinea through many tests.Even Sancho deceives him at one point. Pressured into finding Dulcinea, Sancho brings back three dirty and ragged peasantgirls, and tells Don Quixote that they are Dulcinea and her ladies-in-waiting. When Don Quixote only sees the peasant girls,Sancho pretends that their derelict appearance results from an enchantment. Sancho later gets his comeuppance for thiswhen, as part of one of the duke and duchess’s pranks, the two are led to believe that the only method to release Dulcineafrom her spell is for Sancho to give himself a surplus of three thousand lashes. Sancho naturally resists this course of action,leading to friction with his master. Under the duke’s patronage, Sancho eventually gets a governorship, though it is false, andproves to be a wise and practical ruler; though this ends in humiliation as well.Near the end, Don Quixote reluctantly sways towards sanity: an inn is just an inn, not a castle.The lengthy untold “history” of Don Quixote’s adventures in knight-errantry comes to a close after his battle with the Knight ofthe White Moon (actually a young man from Don Quixote’s hometown) on the beach in Barcelona, in which we the readersfind him conquered. Bound by the rules of chivalry, Don Quixote submits to prearranged terms that the vanquished is to obeythe will of the conqueror, which in this case, is that Don Quixote is to lay down his arms and cease his acts of chivalry for theperiod of one year (a duration in which he may be cured of his madness). Defeated and dejected, he and Sancho start theirjourney home.Part Two of Don Quixote is often regarded as the birth of modern literature, as it explores the concept of a characterunderstanding that he is being written about. This is a theme much explored in writings of the 20th Century.Upon returning to his village, Don Quixote announces his plan to retire to the countryside and live the pastoral existence ofshepherd, although his housekeeper, who has a more realistic view of the hard life of a shepherd, urges him to stay home andtend to his own affairs. Soon after, he retires to his bed with a deathly illness, possibly brought on by melancholy over hisdefeats and humiliations. One day, he awakes from a dream having fully recovered his sanity. Sancho tries to restore his faith,but Alonso Quixano, for that is his true name, can only renounce his previous existence and apologize for the harm he hascaused. He dictates his will, which includes a provision that his niece will be disinherited if she marries a man who reads booksof chivalry. After Alonso Quixano dies, the author emphasizes that there are no more adventures to relate, and that any furtherbooks about Don Quixote would be spurious.
Meaning
Various people have varying interpretations on the underlying meaning of the work.Professor Tariq Ali suggests that by reading the preface and many paragraphs throughout the book in the context of the timeand situation after the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain, it becomes clear that Cervantes was attacking the Catholicchurch, the Spanish Inquisition and the ruling Catholic Spanish nobility. Ali shows how Cervantes points to his Jewish ancestryand to the Jews’ (and Muslims’) plight in Spain and abroad following the expulsions and mass conversions.[2]In stark contrast Harold Bloom says that Don Quixote is the writing of radical nihilism and anarchy, preferring the glory offantasy over the real world which includes imminent death, being “…the first modern novel”[3]Edith Grossman, who wrote and published a highly acclaimed English translation of the novel in 2003, says that the book ismostly meant to move people into emotion using a systematic change of course, on the verge of both tragedy and comedy atthe same time.
-
- Grossman has stated “The question is that Quixote has multiple interpretations… and how do I deal with that inmy translation.
- I’m going to answer your question by avoiding it… so when I first started reading the Quixote I thought it was themost tragic book in the world, and I would read it and weep… As I grew older…my skin grew thicker… and sowhen I was working on the translation I was actually sitting at my computer and laughing out loud. This is done…as Cervantes did it… by never letting the reader rest. You are never certain that you truly got it. Because as soonas you think you understand something, Cervantes introduces something that contradicts your premise.”[4]
Themes
The novel’s structure is in episodic form. It is written in the picaresco style of thelate 16th century, and features reference other picaresque novels includingLazarillo de Tormes and The Golden Ass. The full title is indicative of the tale’sobject, as ingenioso (Spanish) means “quick with inventiveness”[5] marking thetransition of modern literature from Dramatic to thematic unity. The novel takesplace over a long period of time, including many adventures all united by commonthemes of the nature of reality, reading, and dialogue in general.Although farcical on the surface, the novel, especially in its second half, is moreserious and philosophical about the theme of deception. Quixote has served as animportant thematic source not only in literature but in much of art and music,inspiring works by Pablo Picasso and Richard Strauss. The contrasts betweenthe tall, thin, fancy-struck, and idealistic Quixote and the fat, squat, world-wearyPanza is a motif echoed ever since the book’s publication, and Don Quixote’simaginings are the butt of outrageous and cruel practical jokes in the novel. Evenfaithful and simple Sancho is unintentionally forced to deceive him at certainpoints. The novel is considered a satire of orthodoxy, veracity, and evennationalism. In going beyond mere storytelling to exploring the individualism of hischaracters, Cervantes helped move beyond the narrow literary conventions of thechivalric romance literature that he spoofed, which consists of straightforwardretelling of a series of acts that redound to the knightly virtues of the hero.From shepherds to tavern-owners and inn-keepers, the characterization in Don Quixote was groundbreaking. The character ofDon Quixote became so well known in its time that the word quixotic was quickly adopted by many languages. Characterssuch as Sancho Panza and Don Quixote’s steed, Rocinante, are emblems of Western literary culture. The phrase “tilting at windmills” to describe an act of attacking imaginary enemies derives from an iconic scene in the book.It stands in a unique position between medieval chivalric romance and the modern novel. The former consist of disconnectedstories featuring the same characters and settings with little exploration of the inner life of even the main character. The latterare usually focused on the psychological evolution of their characters. In Part I, Quixote imposes himself on his environment.By Part II, people know about him through “having read his adventures”, and so, he needs to do less to maintain his image. Byhis deathbed, he has regained his sanity, and is once more “Alonso Quixano the Good”.When it was first published, Don Quixote was usually interpreted as a comic novel. After the French Revolution it waspopular in part due to its central ethic that individuals can be right while society is quite wrong and seen as disenchanting—notcomic at all. In the 19th century it was seen as a social commentary, but no one could easily tell “whose side Cervantes wason”. Many critics came to view the work as a tragedy in which Don Quixote’s innate idealism and nobility are viewed by theworld as insane, and are defeated and rendered useless by common reality. By the 20th century the novel had come tooccupy a canonical space as one of the foundations of modern literature.
Background
Sources
Sources for Don Quixote include the Castillian novel Amadis de Gaula, which had enjoyed great popularity throughout the16th century. Another prominent source, which Cervantes evidently admires more, is Tirant lo Blanch which the priestdescribes in Chapter VI of Quixote as “the best book in the world.” The scene of the book burning gives us an excellent list ofCervantes’s likes and dislikes about literature.Cervantes makes a number of references to the Italian poem Orlando furioso. In chapter 10 of the first part of the novel, DonQuixote says he must take the magical helmet of Mambrino, an episode from Canto I of Orlando, and itself a reference toMatteo Maria Boiardo‘s Orlando innamorato.[6] The interpolated story in chapter 33 of Part four of the First Part is a retellingof a tale from Canto 43 of Orlando, regarding a man who tests the fidelity of his wife.[7]Another important source appears to have been Apuleius’s The Golden Ass, one of the earliest known novels, a picaresquefrom late classical antiquity. The wineskins episode near the end of the interpolated tale “The Curious Impertinent” in chapter35 of the first part of Don Quixote is a clear reference to Apuleius, and recent scholarship suggests that the moral philosophyand the basic trajectory of Apuleius’s novel are fundamental to Cervantes’s program.[8] Similarly, many of both Sancho’sadventures in Part II and proverbs throughout are taken from popular Spanish and Italian folklore.Cervantes’s experiences as a galley slave in Algiers also influenced Quijote.
Spurious Second Part by Avellaneda
It is not certain when Cervantes began writing Part Two of Don Quixote, but he had probably not gotten much further thanChapter LIX by late July 1614. About September, however, a spurious Part Two, entitled Second Volume of the IngeniousGentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha: by the Licenciado (doctorate) Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda, of Tordesillas, waspublished in Tarragona by an unidentified Aragonese who was an admirer of Lope de Vega, rival of Cervantes.[9]Avellaneda’s identity has been the subject of many theories, but there is no consensus as to who he was. In its prologue, theauthor gratuitously insulted Cervantes, who not surprisingly took offense and responded; the last half of Chapter LIX and mostof the following chapters of Cervantes’ Segunda Parte lend some insight into the effects upon him; Cervantes manages towork in some subtle digs at Avellaneda’s own work, and in his preface to Part II, comes very near to criticizing Avellanedadirectly.In his introduction to The Portable Cervantes, Samuel Putnam, a noted translator of Cervantes’ novel, calls Avellaneda’sversion “one of the most disgraceful performances in history”.[10]The second part of Cervantes’ Don Quixote, finished as a direct result of the Avellaneda book, has come to be regarded bysome literary critics [11] as superior to the first part, because of its greater depth of characterization, its discussions, mostlybetween Quixote and Sancho, on diverse subjects, and its philosophical insights.
Other stories
Don Quixote, Part One contains a number of stories which do not directly involvethe two main characters, but which are narrated by some of the picaresque figuresencountered by the Don and Sancho during their travels. The longest and bestknown of these is “El Curioso Impertinente” (the impertinently curious man), foundin Part One, Book Four. This story, read to a group of travelers at an inn, tells of aFlorentine nobleman, Anselmo, who becomes obsessed with testing his wife’sfidelity, and talks his close friend Lothario into attempting to seduce her, withdisastrous results for all. In Part Two, the author acknowledges the criticism of hisdigressions in Part One and promises to concentrate the narrative on the centralcharacters (although at one point he laments that his narrative muse has beenconstrained in this manner). Nevertheless, “Part Two” contains several backnarratives related by peripheral characters.Several abridged editions have been published which delete some or all of theextra tales in order to concentrate on the central narrative.[12]
Style
Spelling and pronunciation
Cervantes wrote his work in a form of Old Castilian, the medieval form of the Spanish language. The language of Don Quixote,although still containing archaisms, is far more understandable to modern Spanish readers than is, for instance, the completelymedieval Spanish of the Poema de mio Cid, a kind of Spanish that is as different from Cervantes’s language as Middle English is from Modern English. The Old Castilian language was also used to show the higher class that came with being aknight errant. In Don Quixote there are basically two different types of Castilian: Old Castilian is spoken only by Don Quixote,while the rest of the roles speak a modern version of Spanish. The Old Castilian of Don Quixote is a Humoristic resource: hecopies the language spoken in the chivalric books that made him mad; and many times, when he talks nobody is able tounderstand him because his language is too old. This humorous effect is more difficult to see nowadays because the readermust be able to distinguish the two old versions of the language, but when the book was published it was much celebrated.In Old Castilian the letter x represented the sound written with sh in modern English, so the name was originally pronounced“ki-shot-eh “[kiˈʃote]. However as Old Castilian became modern Spanish, the pronunciation of the sh sound changed, andcame to be pronounced with a voiceless velar fricative sound like the Scottish or German ch and today the Spanishpronunciation of “Quixote” is ki-ho-teh [kiˈxote]. The original pronunciation is reflected in languages such as Astur-Leonese,Galician, Catalan, French, Italian and Portuguese that pronounce it with a “sh” or “ch” sound.Today English speakers generally attempt something close to the modern Spanish pronunciation when saying Quixote(Quijote), as [dɒŋ kiːˈhoʊteɪ], although the traditional English spelling pronunciation pronouncing the name with the value ofthe letter x in modern English is still sometimes used, resulting in /ˈkwɪksət/ or /ˈkwɪksoʊt/. In Australian English, the preferredpronunciation amongst members of the educated classes was /ˈkwɪksət/ until well into the 1970s, as part of a tendency for theupper class to “anglicise its borrowing ruthlessly”.[13] The traditional English rendering is preserved in the pronunciation of theadjectival form quixotic, i.e., /kwɪkˈsoʊtɨk/ or /kwɪkˈsɒtɪk/, the foolishly impractical pursuit of ideals, typically marked with rashand lofty romanticism.[14]
Setting
Cervantes’ story takes place on the plains of La Mancha, specifically the comarca of Campo de Montiel.
En un lugar de La Mancha, de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme, no ha mucho tiempo que vivía un hidalgo delos de lanza en astillero, adarga antigua, rocín flaco y galgo corredor. (Somewhere in La Mancha, in a placewhose name I do not care to remember, a gentleman lived not long ago, one of those who has a lance andancient shield on a shelf and keeps a skinny nag and a greyhound for racing.)
The story also takes place in El Toboso where Don Quixote goes to seek Dulcinea’s blessings. The location of the village towhich Cervantes alludes in the opening sentence of Don Quixote has been the subject of debate since its publication over fourcenturies ago. Indeed, Cervantes deliberately omits the name of the village, giving an explanation in the final chapter:
Such was the end of the Ingenious Gentlemen of La Mancha, whose village Cide Hamete would not indicateprecisely, in order to leave all the towns and villages of La Mancha to contend among themselves for the right toadopt him and claim him as a son, as the seven cities of Greece contended for Homer.—Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, Volume II, Chapter 74
In 2004, a multidisciplinary team of academics from Complutense University, led by Francisco Parra Luna, Manuel FernándezNieto and Santiago Petschen Verdaguer, deduced that the village was that of Villanueva de los Infantes.[15] Their findingswere published in a paper titled “‘El Quijote’ como un sistema de distancias/tiempos: hacia la localización del lugar de laMancha”, which was later published as a book: El enigma resuelto del Quijote. The result was replicated in two subsequentinvestigations: “La determinación del lugar de la Mancha como problema estadístico” and “The Kinematics of the Quixote andthe Identity of the ‘Place in La Mancha'”.[16][17]
Language
Because of its widespread influence, Don Quixote also helped cement the modern Spanish language. The opening sentenceof the book created a classic Spanish cliché with the phrase “de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme” (“whose name I do notwish to recall”): “En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme, no hace mucho tiempo que vivía un hidalgode los de lanza en astillero, adarga antigua, rocín flaco y galgo corredor.” (“In a village of La Mancha, whose name I do notwish to recall, there lived, not very long ago, one of those gentlemen with a lance in the lance-rack, an ancient shield, a skinnyold horse, and a fast greyhound.”)The novel’s farcical elements make use of punning and similar verbal playfulness. Character-naming in Don Quixote makesample figural use of contradiction, inversion, and irony, such as the names Rocinante[18] (a reversal) and Dulcinea (anallusion to illusion), and the word quixote itself, possibly a pun on quijada (jaw) but certainly cuixot (Catalan: thighs), areference to a horse’s rump.[19] As a military term, the word quijote refers to cuisses, part of a full suit of plate armourprotecting the thighs. The Spanish suffix -ote denotes the augmentative—for example, grande means large, but grandotemeans extra large. Following this example, Quixote would suggest ‘The Great Quijano’, a play on words that makes muchsense in light of the character’s delusions of grandeur. La Mancha is a region of Spain, but mancha (Spanish word) meansspot, mark, stain. Translators such as John Ormsby have declared La Mancha to be one of the most desertlike, unremarkableregions of Spain, the least romantic and fanciful place that one would imagine as the home of a courageous knight.
Publication
In July 1604, Cervantes sold the rights of El ingenioso hidalgo don Quixote de laMancha (known as Don Quixote, Part I) to the publisher-bookseller Francisco deRobles for an unknown sum. License to publish was granted in September, theprinting was finished in December, and the book came out on 16 January 1605.[20][21] The novel was an immediate success. The majority of the 400 copies of thefirst edition were sent to the New World, with the publisher hoping to get a betterprice in the Americas.[22] Although most of them disappeared in a shipwreck nearLa Havana, approximately 70 copies reached Lima, from where they were sent to Cuzco in the heart of the defunct Inca Empire.[22]
No sooner was it in the hands of the public than preparations were made to issuederivative (pirated) editions. “Don Quixote” had been growing in favour, and itsauthor’s name was now known beyond the Pyrenees. By August 1605 there weretwo Madrid editions, two published in Lisbon, and one in Valencia. A secondedition was produced with additional copyrights for Aragon and Portugal, whichpublisher Francisco de Robles secured.[23] Sale of these publishing rightsdeprived Cervantes of further financial profit on Part One. In 1607, an edition wasprinted in Brussels. Robles, the Madrid publisher, found it necessary to meetdemand with a third edition, a seventh publication in all, in 1608. Popularity of thebook in Italy was such that a Milan bookseller issued an Italian edition in 1610. Yetanother Brussels edition was called for in 1611.[21] In total, the novel is believed tohave sold more than 10 million copies worldwide.[24]In 1613, Cervantes published the Novelas Ejemplares, dedicated to theMaecenas of the day, the Conde de Lemos. Eight and a half years after PartOne had appeared, we get the first hint of a forthcoming Segunda Parte (PartTwo). “You shall see shortly,” Cervantes says, “the further exploits of DonQuixote and humours of Sancho Panza.”[25] Don Quixote, Part Two, publishedby the same press as its predecessor, appeared late in 1615, and quicklyreprinted in Brussels and Valencia (1616) and Lisbon (1617). Part twocapitalizes on the potential of the first while developing and diversifying thematerial without sacrificing familiarity. Many people agree that it is richer andmore profound. Parts One and Two were published as one edition in Barcelonain 1617. Historically, Cervantes’s work has been said to have “smiled Spain’schivalry away”, suggesting that Don Quixote as a chivalric satire contributed tothe demise of Spanish Chivalry.[26]
English editions in translation
There are many translations of the book, and it has been adapted many timesin shortened versions. Many derivative editions were also written at the time,as was the custom of envious or unscrupulous writers. Seven years after theParte Primera appeared, Don Quixote had been translated into French,German, Italian, and English, with the first French translation of ‘Part II’appearing in 1618, and the first English translation in 1620. One abridgedadaptation, authored by Agustín Sánchez, runs slightly over 150 pages, cuttingaway about 750 pages.[27]Thomas Shelton’s English translation of the First Part appeared in 1612.Shelton is a somewhat elusive figure: some claim Shelton was actually a friendof Cervantes, although there is no credible evidence to support this claim.Although Shelton’s version is cherished by some, according to John Ormsbyand Samuel Putnam, it was far from satisfactory as a carrying over ofCervantes’s text.[23] Shelton’s translation of the novel’s Second Part appearedin 1620.Near the end of the 17th century, John Phillips, a nephew of poet John Milton, published what Putnam considered the worst English translation. Thetranslation, as literary critics claim, was not based on Cervantes’ text butmostly upon a French work by Filleau de Saint-Martin and upon notes whichThomas Shelton had written.Around 1700, a version by Pierre Antoine Motteux appeared. Motteux’s translation enjoyed lasting popularity; it was reprintedas the Modern Library Series edition of the novel until recent times.[28] Nonetheless, future translators would find much tofault in Motteux’s version: Samuel Putnam criticized “the prevailing slapstick quality of this work, especially where Sancho Panza is involved, the obtrusion of the obscene where it is found in the original, and the slurring of difficulties throughomissions or expanding upon the text”. John Ormsby considered Motteux’s version “worse than worthless”, and denounced its“infusion of Cockney flippancy and facetiousness” into the original.[29]A translation by Captain John Stevens, which revised Thomas Shelton’s version, also appeared in 1700, but its publicationwas overshadowed by the simultaneous release of Motteux’s translation.[28]In 1742, the Charles Jervas translation appeared, posthumously. Through a printer’s error, it came to be known, and is stillknown, as “the Jarvis translation”. It was the most scholarly and accurate English translation of the novel up to that time, butfuture translator John Ormsby points out in his own introduction to the novel that the Jarvis translation has been criticized asbeing too stiff. Nevertheless, it became the most frequently reprinted translation of the novel until about 1885. Another 18thcentury translation into English was that of Tobias Smollett, himself a novelist. Like the Jarvis translation, it continues to bereprinted today.Most modern translators take as their model the 1885 translation by John Ormsby. It is said that his translation was the mosthonest of all translations, without expansions upon the text or changing of the proverbs.In 1922, Arvid Paulson and Clayton Edwards published an expurgated children’s version under the title The Story of DonQuixote, which has recently been published on Project Gutenberg. It leaves out the risqué sections as well as chapters thatyoung readers might consider dull, and embellishes a great deal on Cervantes’s original text. The title page actually givescredit to the two editors as if they were the authors, and omits any mention of Cervantes.[30]The most widely read English-language translations of the mid-20th century are by Samuel Putnam (1949), J. M. Cohen(1950; Penguin Classics), and Walter Starkie (1957). The last English translation of the novel in the 20th century was byBurton Raffel, published in 1996. The 21st century has already seen four new translations of the novel into English. The firstis by John D. Rutherford and the second by Edith Grossman. Reviewing the novel in the New York Times, Carlos Fuentescalled Grossman’s translation a “major literary achievement”[31] and another called it the “most transparent and least impededamong more than a dozen English translations going back to the 17th century.”[32] In 2005, the year of the novel’s 400thanniversary, Tom Lathrop published a new English translation of the novel, based on a lifetime of specialized study of thenovel and its history.[33] The fourth translation of the 21st century was released in 2006 by former Spanish professor JamesMontgomery, 26 years after he had begun it, in an attempt to “recreate the sense of the original as closely as possible, thoughnot at the expense of Cervantes’ literary style.”[34]
See also
- Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda – author of a spurious sequel to Don Quixote, which in turn is referenced in the actualsequel
- List of best-selling books
- List of Don Quixote characters
- List of works influenced by Don Quixote – including a gallery of paintings and illustrations
- The 100 Best Books of All Time
- Tirant lo Blanc – one of the chivalric novels frequently referenced by Don Quixote
- Amadis de Gaula – one of the chivalric novels found in the library of Don Quixote
- António José da Silva – writer of Vida do Grande Dom Quixote de la Mancha e do Gordo Sancho Pança (1733)
- Belianis – one of the chivalric novels found in the library of Don Quixote
- coco – In the last chapter, the epitaph of Don Quijote identifies him as “el coco” [35]
- Man of la Mancha, a musical play based on the novel.
References and sources
- ^ Angelique, Chrisafis. “Don Quixote is the world’s best book say the world’s top authors”. Retrieved13 October 2012.
- ^ Birth of Europe and the Expulsion of Jews and Muslims, a lecture by Tariq Ali at Cornell University.His explanation is highlighted in a book review on ‘Protocols of the Elders of Sodom and Other Essays’ a compilation of Ali’s recent work in The Independent.
- ^ The Knight in the Mirror a 2003 book report in The Guardian about Harold Bloom‘s book.
- ^ Edith Grossman about Don Quixote as tragedy and comedy a discussion held in New York City on 5February 2009 by Words Without Borders (YouTube)
- ^ ingenio 1, Real Academia Española
- ^ Don Quijote de la Mancha, Miguel de Cervantes,Edicíon de Florencio Sevilla Arroyo, Área 2002 p.161
- ^ “Don Quixote” by Miguel de Cervantes, translatedand annotated by Edith Grossman, p.272
- ^ See chapter 2 of E. C. Graf’s Cervantes andModernity.
- ^ D. Eisenberg, “Cervantes, Lope and Avellaneda”,Estudios cervantinos (Barcelona: Sirmio, 1991), pp.119–41.
- ^ Cervantes, Miguel, The Portable Cervantes, ed.Samuel Putnam (New York: Penguin, [1951] 1978), p.viii
- ^ Putnam, Samuel (1976). Introduction to The PortableCervantes. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 14. ISBN 0-14-015057-9.
- ^ An example is The Portable Cervantes (New York:Viking Penguin, 1949), which contains an abridgedversion of the Samuel Putnam translation.
- ^ Peters, P. H., ed. (1986). Style in Australia: currentpractices in spelling, punctuation, hyphenation,capitalisation, etc. Macquarie Park, New South Wales: Dictionary Research Centre, Macquarie University. pp. 48–49. ISBN 0858375885.
- ^ “Quixotic”. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.Retrieved 17 May 2010.
- ^ “To Quixote’s village at the speed of a nag”.Times Online.
- ^ La determinación del lugar de la Mancha como problema estadístico (PDF) (in Spanish). Valencia:Department of Statistics, University of Malaga.
- ^ The Kinematics of the Quixote and the Identity of the “Place in La Mancha” (PDF). Valencia:Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Valencia. p. 7.
- ^ rocinante: deriv. of rocín, work horse; colloq.,brusque labourer; rough, unkempt man. RealAcademia Española.
- ^ quijote1.2: rump or haunch. Real AcademiaEspañola.
- ^ Cahill, Hugh. “Don Quixote”. King’s College London. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
- ^ a b “Cervantes, Miguel de”. EncyclopaediaBritannica. 2002.
J. Ormsby, “About Cervantes and Don Quixote” - ^ a b Serge Gruzinski, teacher at the EHESS (July–August 2007). “Don Quichotte’, best-seller mondial”.n°322. L’Histoire. p. 30.
- ^ a b J. Ormsby, “About Cervantes and Don Quixote”
- ^
- ^ See also the introduction to Cervantes, Miguel de(1984) Don Quixote, Penguin p.18, for a discussion ofCervantes’s statement in response to Avellaneda’sattempt to write a sequel.
- ^ Prestage, Edgar (1928). Chivalry. p. 110.
- ^ “Library catalogue of the [[Cervantes Institute]] of Belgrade”. Archived from the original on 14August 2007. Retrieved 2012-12-26. Wikilinkembedded in URL title (help)
- ^ a b Sieber, Harry. “Don Quixote in Translation”.The Don Quixote Exhibit, Tour 2, Chapter 5. GeorgePeabody Library. 1996. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ^ “Translator’s Preface: About this translation”. Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes, Translated byJohn Ormsby.
- ^
- ^ Fuentes, Carlos (2 November 2003). “Tilt”. NewYork Times.
- ^ Eder, Richard (14 November 2003). “Beholding Windmills and Wisdom From a New Vantage”. NewYork Times.
- ^ McGrath, Michael J (2007). “Reviews: Don Quixotetrans. Tom Lathrop”. H-Net.
- ^ McGrath, Michael J (2010). “Reviews: Don Quixotetrans. James Montgomery”. H-Net.
- ^
Categories: Articole de interes general
Incearca sa traduci cu traducatorul de blog din coloana din dreapta ecranului.
Mă puteți ajuta să înțeleg cele scrise de dumneavoastră? Nu cunosc prea bine limba engleză.
Sent from Yahoo Mail. Get the app